Nā māhele o ka lolo
Ua māheleʻia nā kūpuna nui i nā'āpana i hāʻawiʻia nā inoa i ka iwi e uhi ai iā lākou: •ʻO nā lobes mua ma ke alo o Roland a ma luna aʻe o ka'ōpū Sylvian.
• Ke ku nei ke kino kino ma hope o ke kikowaena a ma luna aʻe o ka hapa hope o ka sulcus hope; hele hou ia i ke kahe o parieto-occipital - kahi haʻalē e hoʻokaʻawale ana i ka loietic lobe mai kahiʻoihana, e lilo i ka hope o ka lolo.
•ʻO ke kīpili kino ka mea ma lalo o ka polina sylvian a me kaʻaoʻao ma hope aku me ka lobe mua.
I ka ikaikaʻana o ka lolo ma mua o ka hānauʻana, hoʻomaka ka ulupalaʻau e hoʻonui i kona ākea, e hana i nā pāpaʻi, kahi e hiki ai i keʻano o ka'ōpū e like me ka wōnati. Ua kapaʻia kēia mau'āpanaʻo ka'āpana kala, a kapaʻia nā'ā'ī eʻoki ana i ko lākou mau huelo. Aia kekahi mau kuʻi o nā poʻe a pau ma kahi hoʻokahi, no laila ua hoʻohanaʻia lākou i mau alakaʻi no ka māheleʻana i ka lolo iʻehā mau'āpana.
Ke hoʻonuiʻia o nā kuʻina a me nāʻeha
Hiki keʻikeʻia nā pale a me nā hihia i ka malama 3-4 o ka hoʻolālā o ka'ōpiopio. A hiki i ka manawa, e mau ana ka mahele o ka lolo, e like me ka lolo o nā manu a me nā pūpū. ʻO ke kūkuluʻiaʻana o kahi mea i kāwiliʻia e hāʻawi ai i ka hoʻonuiʻana ma ka'āpana o ka pīkī kinakino ma nā kūlana o ka limi liʻiliʻi o ke poʻo. ʻO nāʻano likeʻole o ka cortex e hana i nāʻoihana kūikawā aʻoihana. Hiki ke puʻunaueʻia ka pīpī male i nā mahele nei:
• Nā kūloko - hoʻomaka a mālama i nā hoʻoikaika o ke kino. ʻO ke kaomi pūnaewele mua ke hoʻomalu i nā hana hanaʻole o kēlāʻaoʻaoʻaoʻao o ke kino. ʻO ka pololei i mua o ka'onike kaʻa ka mea i kapaʻia he cortex cortex, aʻo ke kolu o ka'āpana - he mahele kaʻa hou - aia ma kaʻaoʻao i loko o ka lobe mua.
• Nānā i nā wahi kūpono o ka pīkī kinaika a hoʻonui i kaʻikepili mai nā mea e loaʻa ai nā mikena i ke kino holoʻokoʻa. Loaʻa ka loaʻaʻana o kaʻike mai kahiʻaoʻao'ē aʻe o ke kino ma kaʻaoʻao o ke kino ma keʻano o nā manaʻo mai nā mea maʻalahi o ka hopena, kaʻeha, ka mahana a me ke kūlana o nā hono a me nāʻiʻo (nā mea hōʻailona pilikino).
Aia kaʻili o ke kino kanaka i "nā hiʻohiʻona" i loko o nā pūnaewele sensor a me nā pūnaewele pū o ka pīkī o ka cerebral cortex, i hoʻonohonohoʻia ma kekahiʻano. Ua hanaʻo Wilder Penfieldʻo Canada i ka neurosurgear, nāna i hana i nā makahiki 1950, i kahi palapala 'āina kūʻokoʻa o nāʻene iʻike ai i nā kinona o ka pīpī, eʻike i kaʻike mai nā wahi likeʻole o ke kino. Ma keʻano he māhele o kāna noiʻi, ua hanaʻo ia i nā hoʻokolohua āna i'ōlelo ai i kahi kanaka ma lalo o ke anesthesia āpau e wehewehe i kona mau manaʻo i ka wā i hoʻonāukiukiʻo ia i kekahi mau wahi o ka lolo. Uaʻikeʻo Penfieldʻo ka hoʻonāukiukiʻana o ka poli o ka poli ka mea i loaʻa ai nā manaʻo kūpono ma nā wahi kiko'ī ma kaʻaoʻao'ē aʻe o ke kino. Ua hōʻikeʻia nā haʻawina'ē aʻe e like ka nui o ke kinikini motika e pili ana i nāʻano likeʻole o ke kino o ke kanaka,ʻoi aku ka nui o ka paʻakikī a me ka pololei o nā hana i hanaʻia ma mua o ka ikaika a me ka nui o ka puʻupuʻu pa'ū. Aia nāʻanuʻuʻelua i nā papahanaʻelua:ʻo ka meaʻeleʻele he māhele lahilahi o nā pūnaewele nerve a me ka liʻiliʻi e pili ana i 2 mm ka mānoanoa a me kahi mea keʻokeʻo i hanaʻia e nā kikoo nerve (axons) a me nā pūnaeho lele.
Ua uhiʻia ka peʻa o ka hemispelu nui me kahi papa hina, aʻo ka mānoanoa e like me ka 2 a 4 mm ma nā wahi likeʻole o ka lolo. Ke hanaʻia ka meaʻeleʻele e nā kino o nā pūnana nerve (neurons) a me nā kinipipipipipipipipalu e hōʻike ana i kahi hana paʻa. I loko o ka hapa nui o ka huihuʻi o ka cerebral,ʻeono mau papa keʻokeʻo i hiki keʻikeʻia ma lalo o kahi microscope.
ʻO nā newa liʻiliʻi o ka ulupalaʻau
ʻO nā kino (kahi i hoʻopaʻaʻia ka pūnana pū) o nā neuron o kaʻoki o ka'alele e like me ko lākouʻano, akā,ʻelua wale nō mea nui eʻikeʻia.
- Hiki i nā kinipona pyramidal ko lākou inoa mai keʻano o ke kino o ke neuron, i like me ka pyramid; ʻikeʻia ko lākou mau axons mai ke kino o kaʻoki a lawe i kaʻike i nā wahi'ē aʻe o ka lolo.
- Hōʻikeʻia nā pūnaewele non-pyramidal (nā mea'ē aʻe a pau) no kaʻike a hoʻomoakakaʻana i nāʻike mai nā kumu'ē aʻe.
ʻO ka māmā o nā papaʻeono o nā pūnaewele e hana ana i keʻano palekana o ka pīpī ma keʻano o ka lolo. Uaʻimi ke kanaka pilikinoʻo Corbinian Broadman (1868-191) i kēia mauʻokoʻa ma o ka hoʻopaʻaʻana i nā pūnana nerve a nānā iā lākou ma lalo o kahi microscope. ʻO ka hopena o ka hanaʻepekema scientific a Brodmann,ʻo ia ka mahele o kaʻaha mele i 50 mau wahi likeʻole ma muli o kekahi mau kumuhana anatomical. Ma muli o ka nānāʻana, ua hōʻikeʻia i ka weheʻiaʻana o ka "Brodmann kahua" a pili i kahiʻoihana pili i kaʻoihana a me nāʻano kūlohelohe.